Researchers from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and the University of Washington have developed new antibodies capable of targeting the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a pathogen estimated to infect 95 percent of adults.
According to a report by ScienceAlert, the new antibodies target two specific proteins on the surface of EBV particles. These proteins act as keys that allow the virus to unlock and enter B cells, a critical component of the human immune system.
By blocking these proteins, the researchers hope to prevent the virus from establishing an initial infection and stop it from reactivating later in life. EBV is known to persist in the body indefinitely, and its presence is linked to severe health complications, including multiple sclerosis and various cancers.
A breakthrough in antibody discovery
Developing effective antibodies for EBV has historically been difficult because the virus is so widespread and efficient at attacking the immune system.
"Finding human antibodies that block Epstein-Barr virus from infecting our immune cells has been particularly challenging because, unlike other viruses, EBV finds a way to bind to nearly every one of our B cells," biochemist Andrew McGuire told the outlet.
To overcome this, the team utilized a specialized process involving mice bred to produce genetically human antibodies. This method increases the likelihood that the treatment will be compatible with the human body during future clinical stages.
In laboratory experiments, the researchers exposed these mice to two EBV proteins, gp350 and gp42. The process allowed the scientists to isolate 10 new antibodies, with eight targeting gp42 and two targeting gp350.
When tested in mice with human-like immune systems, one of these antibodies successfully protected the animals from EBV infection, according to the source material.
Pathobiologist Crystal Chhan noted the significance of the discovery for the field of immunology. "Not only did we identify important antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus, but we also validated an innovative new approach for discovering protective antibodies against other pathogens," Chhan said.
While EBV often presents as infectious mononucleosis, it can become dangerous in individuals with compromised immune systems. The researchers suggest these antibodies could be vital for patients undergoing organ or bone marrow transplants, as the immunosuppression required for these procedures leaves patients highly vulnerable to EBV reactivation.
